mercredi 27 février 2013

B&Q and Wickes pledge to withdraw products harmful to bees


B&Q and Wickes pledge to withdraw products harmful to bees

The retailers will remove products containing neonicotinoids, which are linked to the decline in the bee 

A colony of honeybees at the US Department of Agriculture's research laboratory

B&Q and Wickes are banning products containing pesticides linked to the decline in bee populations. Photograph: Haraz Ghanbari/AP
Two of the UK's biggest home improvement retailers have pledged to remove products from their shelves containing pesticides linked to the decline in the bee population.

B&Q and Wickes, two of the best known names in garden centres and DIY, said on Tuesday they would remove products containing neonicotinoids. These chemicals, commonly used as pesticides, have been suspected for years of harming bees, but were identified this year as having a devastating effect on the pollinators.

B&Q is banning the only product it sells containing imidacloprid, one of the neonicotinoid family of insecticides, and Wickes will later this year take off products containing the related thiamethoxam compound.

Along with a third compound, clothianidin, these are the three neonicotonoids identified by the European Food Safety Authority as threatening serious damage to bees.

The move by the retailers comes in response to long-running campaigns from various environmental organisations, who have warned of the links between the pesticides and bee deaths for some time, as studies have suggested links before the EFSA gave its final damning verdict.

There will now be increased pressure on other retailers still stocking the products to follow suit.

The UK govermnent's advisory committee on pesticides is urgently examining the new evidence of harm to bees from the use of certain commonly used insecticides, with a view to recommending possible changes to the current regulatory regime governing their use.

Bayer, the German company that manufactures many of the products concerned, will answer questions before the committee on Wednesday in parliament.

Andrew Pendleton, head of campaigns at Friends of the Earth, said: "We are delighted [the two retailers] are withdrawing these pesticides. Other retailers must follow suit and take action to protect our bees. The spotlight now falls on the UK government. Ministers must help safeguard our beeds by immediately suspending the three pesticides identified by European food safety scientists, and ensuring farmers have safe alternatives. Declining bee numbers are a real threat to food production."

He called on David Cameron to intervene: "The prime minister must introduce a national bee action plan."

The Soil Association has also campaigned strongly for pesticides to be reviewed in the light of the precipitous decline of bee populations, and has this year begun to "name and shame" companies involved.

Bee health has been a concern for several years, as populations of the pollinators have been under threat from a variety of sources, including the spread of the deadly parasite, the varroa mite, and intensive farming. The role of pesticides was much disputed, but the landmark pronouncement by the EFSA has found that there is an undeniable link between their use and the death of bees, giving added strength to campaigners.

Garden centres weed out insecticides to help save bees


Garden centres weed out insecticides to help save bees

Five more retailers which between them operate 78 garden centres across the UK have also agreed to remove products containing neonicotinoid pesticides from their shelves. Photograph: Judi Bottoni/AP
A campaign to banish pesticides linked to the fall in bee populations appears to be gathering pace after at least five garden centre chains agreed to remove products blamed for the decline.

Hardware retailers B&Q, Wickes and Homebase created a buzz last month when they confirmed they would stop stocking products that contained three neonicotinoid insecticides that have been identified as posing a risk to bee populations.

The European Union also this month proposed a ban on using the insecticides on flowering crops. If imposed, the three neonicotinoids would be forbidden from use on corn, oil seed rape, sunflowers and other crops across the continent for two years.

However, environment secretary Owen Paterson has confirmed the UK government is opposed to a ban, arguing there is not enough scientific evidence to show that the three pesticides are linked to bee population decline.

Now five more retailers – Notcutts, Hillier, Squires, Blue Diamond and SCATS Countrystores, which between them operate 78 garden centres across the UK – have also agreed to remove products containing neonicotinoid pesticides from their shelves.

SCATS, which was the latest retailer to remove the products, told Friends of the Earth it had been stocking products containing the three pesticides and has now taken the decision to de-list them and stop ordering them with immediate effect.

According to Horticulture Week, Scotsdales Garden Centre has also bowed to pressure from its Facebook followers to take the products off the shop floor.

Friends of the Earth has been urging people to contact their local garden centres to ask them to remove products containing neonicotinoid pesticides.

Andrew Pendleton, head of campaigns for Friends of the Earth, welcomed the move and called on the government to follow suit and take action to curb the use of the chemicals.

"It's great to see garden centres across the UK heeding the warning from European safety experts and pulling pesticide products linked to bee decline from their shelves," he said.

"The approach of leading retailers stands in stark contrast to the government's reluctance to back European efforts to safeguard bees from pesticides. With bee numbers plummeting, Owen Paterson must take urgent action to safeguard these crucial pollinators by backing a ban and introducing a bee action plan to tackle all the threats they face."

Garden centres weed out insecticides to help save bees
Notcutts, Hillier, Squires, Blue Diamond and SCATS become the latest retailers to ban chemicals linked to bee decline
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BusinessGreen, part of the Guardian Environment Network
guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 20 February 2013 16.26 GMT

Five more retailers which between them operate 78 garden centres across the UK have also agreed to remove products containing neonicotinoid pesticides from their shelves. Photograph: Judi Bottoni/AP
A campaign to banish pesticides linked to the fall in bee populations appears to be gathering pace after at least five garden centre chains agreed to remove products blamed for the decline.

Hardware retailers B&Q, Wickes and Homebase created a buzz last month when they confirmed they would stop stocking products that contained three neonicotinoid insecticides that have been identified as posing a risk to bee populations.

The European Union also this month proposed a ban on using the insecticides on flowering crops. If imposed, the three neonicotinoids would be forbidden from use on corn, oil seed rape, sunflowers and other crops across the continent for two years.

However, environment secretary Owen Paterson has confirmed the UK government is opposed to a ban, arguing there is not enough scientific evidence to show that the three pesticides are linked to bee population decline.

Now five more retailers – Notcutts, Hillier, Squires, Blue Diamond and SCATS Countrystores, which between them operate 78 garden centres across the UK – have also agreed to remove products containing neonicotinoid pesticides from their shelves.

SCATS, which was the latest retailer to remove the products, told Friends of the Earth it had been stocking products containing the three pesticides and has now taken the decision to de-list them and stop ordering them with immediate effect.

According to Horticulture Week, Scotsdales Garden Centre has also bowed to pressure from its Facebook followers to take the products off the shop floor.

Friends of the Earth has been urging people to contact their local garden centres to ask them to remove products containing neonicotinoid pesticides.

Andrew Pendleton, head of campaigns for Friends of the Earth, welcomed the move and called on the government to follow suit and take action to curb the use of the chemicals.

"It's great to see garden centres across the UK heeding the warning from European safety experts and pulling pesticide products linked to bee decline from their shelves," he said.

"The approach of leading retailers stands in stark contrast to the government's reluctance to back European efforts to safeguard bees from pesticides. With bee numbers plummeting, Owen Paterson must take urgent action to safeguard these crucial pollinators by backing a ban and introducing a bee action plan to tackle all the threats they face."

A bee sting


A bee sting is strictly a sting from a bee (honey bee, bumblebee, sweat bee, etc.). In the vernacular it can mean a sting of a bee, wasp, hornet, or yellow jacket. Some people may even call the bite of a horse-fly a bee sting. The stings of most of these species can be quite painful, and are therefore keenly avoided by many people.

Bee stings differ from insect bites, and the venom or toxin of stinging insects is quite different. Therefore, the body's reaction to a bee sting may differ significantly from one species to another.
The most aggressive stinging insects are vespid wasps (including bald-faced hornets and other yellow jackets) but not hornets in general (e.g., the European hornet is less harmful). All of these insects aggressively defend their nests.

In people with insect sting allergy, a bee sting may trigger a dangerous anaphylactic reaction that is potentially deadly. Honey bee stings release pheromones that prompt other nearby bees to attack.



Honey bee stings
A honey bee that is away from the hive foraging for nectar or pollen will rarely sting, except when stepped on or roughly handled. Honey bees will actively seek out and sting when they perceive the hive to be threatened, often being alerted to this by the release of attack pheromones (below).

Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is in fact barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death in minutes, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. Honey bees are the only hymenoptera with a strongly barbed sting, though yellow jackets and some other wasps have small barbs.

Bees with barbed stingers can often sting other insects without harming themselves. Queen honeybees and bees of many other species, including bumblebees and many solitary bees, have smooth stingers and can sting mammals repeatedly.

The sting's injection of apitoxin into the victim is accompanied by the release of alarm pheromones, a process which is accelerated if the bee is fatally injured. Release of alarm pheromones near a hive or swarm may attract other bees to the location, where they will likewise exhibit defensive behaviors until there is no longer a threat, typically because the victim has either fled or been killed. (Note: A true swarm is not hostile; it has deserted its hive and has no comb or young to defend.) These pheromones do not dissipate or wash off quickly, and if their target enters water, bees will resume their attack as soon as it leaves the water.

The larger drone bees, the males, do not have stingers. The female worker bees are the only ones that can sting, and their stinger is a modified ovipositor. The queen bee has a smooth stinger and can, if need be, sting skin-bearing creatures multiple times, but the queen does not leave the hive under normal conditions. Her sting is not for defense of the hive; she only uses it for dispatching rival queens, ideally before they can finish pupating. Queen breeders who handle multiple queens and have the queen odor on their hands are sometimes stung by a queen.

The main component of bee venom responsible for pain in vertebrates is the toxin melittin; histamine and other biogenic amines may also contribute to pain and itching. In one of the medical uses of honey bee products, apitherapy, bee venom has been used to treat arthritis and other painful conditions.

Honey bee life cycle


Honey bee life cycle

The honey bee life cycle, here referring exclusively to the domesticated Western honey bee, depends greatly on their social structure.

Colony life
Unlike a bumble bee colony or a paper wasp colony, the life of a honey bee colony is perennial. There are two castes of honey bees: queens, which produce eggs; and workers, which are all non-reproducing females. The Drones(males) only duty is to find and mates with a queen. The queen lays eggs singly in cells of the comb. Larvae hatch from eggs in three to four days. They are then fed by worker bees and develop through several stages in the cells. Cells are capped by worker bees when the larva pupates. Queens and drones are larger than workers and so require larger cells to develop. A colony may typically consist of tens of thousands of individuals.
While some colonies live in hives provided by humans, so-called "wild" colonies (although all honey bees remain wild, even when cultivated and managed by humans) typically prefer a nest site that is clean, dry, protected from the weather, about 20 liters in volume with a 4 to 6 cm² entrance about 3 m above the ground, and preferably facing south or south-east (in the northern hemisphere) or north or north-east (in the southern hemisphere).


Development
Stages of development of the drone pupae.
Development from egg to emerging bee varies among queens, workers and drones. Queens emerge from their cells in 16 days, workers in 21 days and drones in 24 days. Only one queen is usually present in a hive. New virgin queens develop in enlarged cells through differential feeding of royal jelly by workers. When the existing queen ages or dies or the colony becomes very large a new queen is raised by the worker bees. The virgin queen takes one or several nuptial flights and once she is established starts laying eggs in the hive.
A fertile queen is able to lay fertilized or unfertilized eggs. Each unfertilized egg contains a unique combination of 50% of the queen's genes and develops into a haploid drone. The fertilized eggs develop into either workers or virgin queens.
The average lifespan of a queen is three to four years; drones usually die upon mating or are expelled from the hive before the winter; and workers may live for a few weeks in the summer and several months in areas with an extended winter.

List of bees of Great Britain


Genus Colletes
Colletes cunicularius
Colletes daviesanus - Common in England, scarce in Scotland and Ireland
Colletes floralis
Colletes fodiens - Widespread on sandy habitats in England, Wales and southern Scotland
Colletes halophilus
Colletes hederae - Southern, generally coastal distribution
Colletes marginatus - Localised to sand dunes on coasts of England and Wales. Inland population in the Brecks.
Colletes similis - Widespread in southern Britain and Ireland
Colletes succinctus - Widespread throughout the Britain and Ireland on heathland and moorland


Genus Hylaeus
Hylaeus annularis - Widespread, locally common
Hylaeus brevicornis
Hylaeus communis
Hylaeus confusus
Hylaeus cornutus
Hylaeus gibbus
Hylaeus hyalinatus
Hylaeus pectoralis
Hylaeus pictipes
Hylaeus punctulatissimus
Hylaeus signatus
Hylaeus spilotus
[edit]Family Andrenidae

[edit]Genus Andrena
Andrena agilissima
Andrena alfkenella
Andrena angustior
Andrena apicata
Andrena argentata
Andrena barbilabris
Andrena bicolor
Andrena bimaculata
Andrena bucephala
Andrena chrysosceles
Andrena cineraria
Andrena clarkella
Andrena coitana
Andrena congruens
Andrena denticulata
Andrena dorsata
Andrena falsifica
Andrena ferox
Andrena flavipes
Andrena florea
Andrena floricola
Andrena fucata
Andrena fulva
Andrena fulvago
Andrena fuscipes
Andrena gravida
Andrena haemorrhoa
Andrena hattorfiana[1]
Andrena helvola
Andrena humilis
Andrena labialis
Andrena labiata
Andrena lapponica
Andrena lathyri
Andrena lepida
Andrena marginata
Andrena minutula
Andrena minutuloides
Andrena nana
Andrena nanula
Andrena nigriceps
Andrena nigroaenea
Andrena nigrospina
Andrena nitida
Andrena nitidiuscula
Andrena niveata
Andrena ovatula
Andrena pilipes s.s.
Andrena pilipess.l
Andrena polita
Andrena praecox
Andrena proxima
Andrena rosae
Andrena ruficrus
Andrena scotica
Andrena semilaevis
Andrena similis
Andrena simillima
Andrena stragulata
Andrena subopaca
Andrena synadelpha
Andrena tarsata
Andrena thoracica
Andrena tibialis
Andrena tridentata
Andrena trimmerana
Andrena vaga
Andrena varians
Andrena wilkella
[edit]Genus Panurgus
Panurgus banksianus
Panurgus calcaratus

[edit]Family Halictidae

[edit]Genus Halictus
Halictus confusus
Halictus eurygnathus[1]
Halictus maculatus
Halictus quadricinctus
Halictus rubicundus
Halictus scabiosae
Halictus subauratus
Halictus tumulorum
[edit]Genus Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum albipes
Lasioglossum angusticeps
Lasioglossum brevicorne
Lasioglossum calceatum
Lasioglossum cupromicans
Lasioglossum fratellum
Lasioglossum fulvicorne
Lasioglossum laeve
Lasioglossum laevigatum
Lasioglossum laticeps
Lasioglossum lativentre
Lasioglossum leucopus
Lasioglossum leucozonium
Lasioglossum limbellum
Lasioglossum malachurum
Lasioglossum minutissimum
Lasioglossum morio
Lasioglossum nitidiusculum
Lasioglossum parvulum
Lasioglossum pauperatum
Lasioglossum pauxillum
Lasioglossum prasinum
Lasioglossum punctatissimum
Lasioglossum puncticolle
Lasioglossum quadrinotatum
Lasioglossum rufitarse
Lasioglossum semilucens
Lasioglossum sexnotatum
Lasioglossum smeathmanellum
Lasioglossum villosulum
Lasioglossum xanthopus
Lasioglossum zonulum
[edit]Genus Sphecodes
Sphecodes crassus
Sphecodes ephippius
Sphecodes ferruginatus
Sphecodes geoffrellus
Sphecodes gibbus
Sphecodes hyalinatus
Sphecodes longulus
Sphecodes marginatus
Sphecodes miniatus
Sphecodes monilicornis
Sphecodes niger
Sphecodes pellucidus
Sphecodes puncticeps
Sphecodes reticulatus
Sphecodes rubicundus
Sphecodes scabricollis
Sphecodes spinulosus
[edit]Genus Dufourea
Dufourea halictula
Dufourea minuta
[edit]Genus Rophites
Rophites quinquespinosus
[edit]Family Melittidae

[edit]Genus Melitta
Melitta dimidiata
Melitta haemorrhoidalis
Melitta leporina
Melitta tricincta
[edit]Genus Macropis
Macropis europaea
[edit]Family Dasypodaidae

[edit]Genus Dasypoda
Dasypoda hirtipes
[edit]Family Megachilidae

[edit]Genus Anthidium
Anthidium manicatum - European wool carder bee
[edit]Genus Stelis
Stelis breviuscula
Stelis ornatula
Stelis phaeoptera
Stelis punctulatissima
[edit]Genus Heriades
Heriades truncorum
[edit]Genus Chelostoma
Chelostoma campanularum
Chelostoma florisomne
[edit]Genus Osmia
Osmia aurulenta
Osmia bicolor
Osmia caerulescens
Osmia inermis
Osmia leaiana
Osmia niveata
Osmia parietina
Osmia pilicornis
Osmia rufa
Osmia uncinata
Osmia xanthomelana
[edit]Genus Hoplitis
Hoplitis claviventris
Hoplitis leucomelana
Hoplitis spinulosa
[edit]Genus Megachile
Megachile centuncularis
Megachile circumcincta
Megachile dorsalis
Megachile lapponica
Megachile ligniseca
Megachile maritima
Megachile versicolor
Megachile willughbiella
[edit]Genus Coelioxys
Coelioxys afra
Coelioxys brevis
Coelioxys conoidea
Coelioxys elongata
Coelioxys inermis
Coelioxys mandibularis
Coelioxys quadridentata
Coelioxys rufescens
[edit]Family Apidae

[edit]Genus Nomada
Nomada argentata
Nomada armata Scabious Cuckoo Bee
Nomada baccata
Nomada castellana
Nomada conjungens
Nomada errans
Nomada fabriciana
Nomada ferruginata
Nomada flava
Nomada flavoguttata
Nomada flavopicta
Nomada fucata
Nomada fulvicornis
Nomada fuscicornis
Nomada goodeniana
Nomada guttulata
Nomada hirtipes
Nomada integra
Nomada lathburiana
Nomada leucophthalma
Nomada marshamella
Nomada obtusifrons
Nomada panzeri
Nomada roberjeotiana
Nomada ruficornis
Nomada rufipes
Nomada sexfasciata
Nomada sheppardana
Nomada signata
Nomada similis
Nomada striata
Nomada succincta
[edit]Genus Epeolus
Epeolus cruciger
Epeolus variegatus
[edit]Genus Eucera (long-horned bees)
Eucera longicornis
Eucera nigrescens
[edit]Genus Anthophora (flower bees)
Anthophora bimaculata
Anthophora furcata
Anthophora plumipes
Anthophora quadrimaculata
Anthophora retusa

Genus Melecta (cuckoo bees)
Melecta albifrons
Melecta luctuosa

Genus Ceratina (carpenter bees)
Ceratina cyanea

Genus Xylocopa (carpenter bees)
Xylocopa violacea

Genus Bombus (bumblebees)
Subgenus Bombus
Bombus cryptarum
Bombus lucorum - white-tailed bumblebee
Bombus terrestris - buff-tailed bumblebee
Bombus magnus - northern white-tailed bumblebee
[edit]Subgenus Cullumanobombus
Bombus cullumanus - Cullum's bumblebee (extinct)
[edit]Subgenus Kallobombus
Bombus soroeensis - broken-belted bumblebee
[edit]Subgenus Megabombus
Bombus hortorum - garden bumblebee
Bombus ruderatus - large garden bumblebee
[edit]Subgenus Melanobombus
Bombus lapidarius - red-tailed bumblebee
[edit]Subgenus Psithyrus
Bombus barbutellus - Barbut's cuckoo-bee
Bombus bohemicus - gypsy cuckoo-bee
Bombus campestris - field cuckoo-bee
Bombus rupestris - hill cuckoo-bee
Bombus sylvestris - four-coloured cuckoo-bee
Bombus vestalis - vestal cuckoo-bee
[edit]Subgenus Pyrobombus
Bombus hypnorum - tree bumblebee
Bombus jonellus - heath bumblebee
Bombus monticola - mountain bumblebee
Bombus pratorum - early bumblebee

Subgenus Rhodobombus

Bombus pomorum - apple bumblebee (extinct)

Subgenus Subterraneobombus
Bombus distinguendus - great yellow bumblebee
Bombus subterraneus - short-haired bumblebee (extinct)


Subgenus Thoracombus
Bombus humilis - brown-banded carder bee
Bombus muscorum - moss carder bee
Bombus pascuorum - common carder bee
Bombus ruderarius - red-shanked carder bee
Bombus sylvarum - shrill carder bee

Genus Apis (honey bees)
Apis mellifera - western honey bee

First ‘zombie bees’ reported in Washington state


First ‘zombie bees’ reported in Washington state

A parasite makes the bees active at night and fly in strange ways until they die. The infection is another threat to bees that are needed to pollinate crops.

Mark Hohn, a novice beekeeper in Kent, holds up a plastic bag with a dead zombie bee and pupae — two at each end of the bag, Saturday. Hohn found that his bees are infected with a parasite that causes them to fly at night and lurch around erratically until they die.

SEATTLE — The infection is as grim as it sounds: "Zombie bees" have a parasite that causes them to fly at night and lurch around erratically until they die.

And experts say the condition has crept into Washington state.

"I joke with my kids that the zombie apocalypse is starting at my house," said Mark Hohn, a novice beekeeper who spotted the infected insects at his suburban Seattle home.

Hohn returned from vacation a few weeks ago to find many of his bees either dead or flying in jerky patterns and then flopping on the floor.

He remembered hearing about zombie bees, so he collected several of the corpses and popped them into a plastic bag. About a week later, the Kent man had evidence his bees were infected: the pupae of parasitic flies.

"Curiosity got the better of me," Hohn said.

The zombie bees were the first to be confirmed in Washington state, The Seattle Times reported.

San Francisco State University biologist John Hafernik first discovered zombie bees in California in 2008.

Hafernik now uses a website to recruit citizen scientists like Hohn to track the infection across the country. Observers also have found zombie bees in Oregon and South Dakota.


ELLEN M. BANNER/AP

Mark Hohn, a novice beekeeper, checks out bees in one of the hives in the backyard of his Kent home, Sept. 22, 2012. Dead honeybees from his 1.25-acre spread are the first in Washington confirmed to be infected by a parasitic fly.

The infection is another threat to bees that are needed to pollinate crops. Hives have been failing in recent years due to a mysterious ailment called colony collapse disorder, in which all the adult honey bees in a colony suddenly die.

The life cycle of the fly that infects zombie bees is reminiscent of the movie "Alien," the newspaper reported. A small adult female lands on the back of a honeybee and injects eggs into the bee's abdomen. The eggs hatch into maggots.

"They basically eat the insides out of the bee," Hafernik said.

After consuming their host, the maggots pupate, forming a hard outer shell that looks like a fat, brown grain of rice. That's what Hohn found in the plastic bag with the dead bees. Adult flies emerge in three to four weeks.

There's no evidence yet that the parasitic fly is a major player in the bees' decline, but it does seem the pest is targeting new hosts, said Steve Sheppard, chairman of the entomology department at Washington State University.

"It may occur a lot more widely than we think," he said.

That's what Hafernik hopes to find out with his website, zombeewatch.org. The site offers simple instructions for collecting suspect bees, watching for signs of parasites and reporting the results.

Once more people start looking, the number of sightings will probably climb, Hohn said.

"I'm pretty confident I'm not the only one in Washington state who has them," he said.